The defeat of Scottish-royalist armies and the conquest and occupation of Scotland itself by English forces made possible a political and constitutional union which was assumed in the new written constitution of December 1653 – proclaimed to be a constitution for ‘the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland’ – but which was fleshed out and given substance by various measures issued by the Protector and his Council during 1654. The road to full political union had been opened by the Scots’ continuing support for the royalist cause after the execution of Charles I, causing the English republican regimes of the early 1650s to deploy England’s military might against them. The experiment lasted barely five years, for while the political union survived the remainder of the Protectorate, it effectively collapsed in 1659-60 and was reversed at the Restoration. It was the first time that Scotland and England had been fully united as a single polity under a single constitution. Beyond the United States, protesters have also succeeded in bringing to the world’s attention human rights abuses and the plight of some of the world’s poorest citizens.Click to see full text version.1653 saw the initial union of Scotland with England. Since then, protesters have been engaged in calling attention to issues large and small, from demanding an end to the Vietnam War and other military interventions to voicing their concerns about individual candidates or elected officials, Supreme Court decisions, government policies, or laws. The protest movement eventually led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the end of Jim Crow laws in the South. The Civil Rights Movement involved protesters at all levels of society. Protesters fought for women’s suffrage, ultimately achieving this goal with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. Protesters also played an instrumental role in securing basic rights for African Americans, Native Americans, and other minorities. Indeed, the nation was born at the hands of protesters who stood up against the British Parliament. Protest is as old as the United States itself. Although reforms and improvements in social justice often take many years or even decades to achieve, protest movements are also often successful in bringing about swifter change. In systems ruled by majority vote, protesters provide a voice for minority groups and opinions. Protesters serve an important purpose in a democracy. Some people argue that engaging in protest against injustice is an important responsibility of citizenship. In the United States, the right to peacefully protest is protected by the First Amendment, which specifically protects freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and the right to petition the government. Protesters may also engage in letter-writing campaigns, petitions, or lobbying to build support for their cause. Strikes and boycotts are other tools commonly used by protesters. Such protests may include marches, demonstrations, rallies, and sit-ins. Protesters often engage in public events organized to express disapproval of a government or organization’s action or failure to take action. A protester is a person who publicly voices a strong objection to something.
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